Surfaces and Partial Differentiation

In 3D, a surface can be described by all the points such that or for some constant . The plane is horizontal and the -axis is vertical.

A visualisation of :

¡4¡2024¡4¡2024¡10010xyz
Sections

A section is a cross-section of the surface for specific values of or : or for constants or .
A visualisation of sections through :

yzx=0xzy=0
Contours

A contour is a curve where the value of is fixed: for some constant .
A visualisation of contours of , with :

¡202¡20202040xyzyzx=0

Partial differentiation

For a surface defined as:

The partial derivatives of are denoted as:

  • : differentiate with respect to , treating as constant.
  • : differentiate with respect to , treating as constant.

Higher-order partial derivatives are denoted as:

  • : partially differentiate with respect to twice
  • : partially differentiate with respect to twice
  • : partially differentiate with respect to , then [1]
  • : partially differentiate with respect to , then [1-1]

The mixed derivative theorem states that for most well-behaved continuous functions:

Stationary points

When and there is a stationary point. A stationary point can be a minimum, maximum, or a saddle point (classification of stationary points is A-level content).


  1. Footnote on order of mixed derivatives
    This is the order that the textbook insists is correct, whilst the rest of the Internet disagrees. Practically, it doesn't matter as on this course, all functions will likely satisfy the mixed derivative theorem. This may be corrected soon pending further investigation (The author is severely sleep deprived).↩︎↩︎